Bistable Flip-Flop Experiment

Bistable Flip-Flop ExperimentObjectivesTo study the properties and performance of cross-coupled inverting logic render.To set up the gates in order to obtain an experience, in the like time able to understand the Bistable Flip-Flop.These circuits have been mostly replaced bend a straightforward and effective design. These designs for applications including full-grown dimension digital circuits. Although these circuits have been changed, they unflustered have important use range, and it is necessary to understand their characteristics. This experiment call forth clearly that digital circuits are still be made from analogue parts. It has analogue functions correlative to current, potential drops and time-varying diversification.Materials and EquipmentBuilt-in socket connector bread boardA selection of IC devicesJumper wires and connector leadsdigital multimeter with test probesTheoryFlip-FlopA standard Bistable circuit is made by simple combination of NAND gates or NOR gates. He nce, produce the required straight circuit.Common Sequential Logic circuitsClock Driven- Synchronized to a clock signal.Event Driven- Asynchronous. Changing state when an foreign event happens.Pulse Driven- Combination of synchronised and Asynchronous.SR NAND Flip-FlopThis system assembled of ii stimulants and two outputs. R and S inputs are equaling limit and Set. Q and are represent as outputs of the circuit. Firstly, user need to have the inputs Set and Reset to a pair of cross coupled 2-input 7400 NAND gates in order to shape into a SR Bistable. Thus, the action of feedback may expire from each output to one of the other inputs.RST Flip-FlopThe device connected and synchronized to a clock signal. The outputs are only trigger when Set (S), Reset (R), and installation (T) inputs are in logic 1 level. There will we un-trigger when the inputs are in logic 0 level.NAND gateM74HC00 is a high esteem CMOS QUAD 2-input NAND gate. Silicon gate C2 MOS technology is applied.The i nternal circuit is build up by 3 stages including buffer output, which can prevent high fray and produce stable output.Task DiscussionInvestigation of a Bistable Flip-FlopTheoretical DetailsThe consequential circuit has two stable situations, when the direct feedback cross-coupling is utilize among inverting NAND logic gates. Bistable is either of which can be choose by submission of the correct input situation.R and S inputs are representing Reset and Set. Q and are represent as outputs of the circuit. At standard running, both NAND inputs must normally be logic 1 level. The logic level of the Q and outputs will become relative.To stabilizing the two possible states, changing the R input temporarily to logic 0 level, that will create a output with logic 1 level. In the same time, the output output with logic 1 level will be applied to the S input (2nd input), which is logic 1 level. Thus, the Q output will temporarily become a logic 0 level.While both R and S inputs become logic 0 level at the same period, it is forbidden. In this state, both Q and outputs will become logic 1 level. Hence, that will override the load-back motion. The final state of the latch will not be resolved in front of time.One practical unfavorable of the RS Flip-Flop effects from the data that the outputs can change state when either or both of the logic level of inputs is change. Operation is non-simultaneous.Modifying the Bistable Flip-Flop Creating an RST Flip-FlopTheoretical DetailsIt is similar in the RS NAND Flip-Flop function. The R and S inputs are at logic 1 level. The terzetto input (Trigger) has been added. The Q and outputs can only change states while the Trigger input is at logic 1 level. If logic level of Trigger input is 0, the R and S inputs are no effect for the outputs.In a valid operation, the R or S inputs must be logic 1 level, and the Trigger input must be logic 1 level and thence logic 0 level. In the end, the selected input must be returned to logic 0 level .Investigation of a NAND gateTheoretical DetailsThe NAND gate is a digital gate, obtains voltages and currents at its inputs. While connect to the variable voltage supply, these may call for any value in a real circuit. For instance, since during an input changes, the output voltages may takes a non-zero time for the change to occur, so the voltages will not be accurately come up to 5V or 0V all the time.ObjectiveTo concern the transforms and voltage levels of the output of the NAND gate to the states of the inputs.ProcedureCircuit shown in Figure 2.7 is constructed and an external variable voltage from a power supply is used. Any value from 1k? to 10k? can be taken by R1.A fixed digital voltage (0 or 5 volts) is applied to one terminal of a NAND gate. A variable voltage is applied to another terminal.Firstly, the input voltage Vin is varied up to a maximum of +5V and Vin against Vout is plotted. Thus, the logic 1 output voltage (V1) and the logic 0 input voltage (Vgo) are determin ed.The output unchanging for wide ranges of input voltage is noted.To found the overall behavior, the rough initial experiment is did.More reading is taken.ConclusionAll of the objectives are achieved. In this experiment we understand the opening of Bistable Flip-Flop, Standard SR NAND Flip-Flop and RST Flip-Flop. All of the properties and performance of cross-coupled inverting logic gates have been studied. Experience is obtained during the construction of the gates.In conclusion, at standard running of SR NAND Flip-Flop, both NAND inputs must normally be logic 1 level. Thus, the logic level of the Q and outputs will become relative.While both R and S inputs become logic 0 level at the same period, it is forbidden. In this state, both Q and outputs will become logic 1 level. Hence, that will override the load-back motion. The final state of the latch will not be resolved in front of time.For the operation of RST Flip-Flop, the Q and outputs can only change states while the Trigger input is at logic 1 level. If logic level of Trigger input is 0, the R and S inputs are no effect for the outputs. Hence, to obtain a valid operation the R or S inputs must be logic 1 level, and the Trigger input must be logic 1 level and then logic 0 level. In the end, the selected input must be returned to logic 0 level.Referenceshttp//www.play-hookey.com/digital/rs_nand_latch.htmlhttp//www.play-hookey.com/digital/clocked_rs_latch.htmlhttp//us.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/1879.pdfhttp//www.electronics-tutorials.ws/sequential/seq_1.html

A Computerized World :: essays research papers fc

COMPUTERSA Computerized WorldComputers play an important role in this modern society. totally people around the world argon forced the computer age nowadays. Since the first computer was made in the late 1950s, which I heard that was came from the Chinese Abacus, the technology has developed extremely. Computers are everywhere and control a great deal of our living environment. More and more areas are being taken oer by the computer. Not able to social function a computer is a serious handicap with ramifications in all areas of life. Therefore, if people do not feel computers or do not dwell how to use them it means that they are not prepared for the future. They will fall behind our advancing society. Computers have been utilize to industry, agriculture, political affairs, economy, military, science and many other(a) fields it is becoming more and more important. It is reason why I feel I need to know more about computers such as why computer is useful, history of computer, a nd Internet.COMPUTERS ARE USEFUL IN OUR LIFE Nowadays, no matter what the professions, a grit of the companies prefers to hire employees who basically need to know how to operate computers. Knowledge of computers has become a basic requirement in job descriptions. As computers are commensurate of handling large amounts of data in a very short time, they are well suited for word processing. For instance, medical officers use computer to tape patients data for finding them easier and more conveniently. Banks also use computers to store information for consumers to know their account conveniently and orderly, etc. The government agencies are the one who use computers most because they need to record confidential data, for instance, the military, and the U.S Census Bureau, etc. The business also use computer password system in the companies that to avoid other companies stealing their business secrets. Therefore, the secret data will not let out to other countries or companies. Since a small diskette can match much more data than a written page, and it takes less place, I think it will not be too long all the paper-archives are replaced by magnetic tapes and diskettes. It is possible to get the American telephone book on precisely one diskette.HISTORY OF COMPUTERSAbout two hundred geezerhood before, the word computer started to appear in the dictionary. Some people even did not know what is a computer. However, most of the people today not just knowing what is a computer, but understand how to use a computer.

Summary of Pinocchio by Carlos Collodi :: essays research papers

Pinocchio by Carlos Collodi was written in 1883. The story is about a woody marionette named Pinocchio. He spends his whole childhood wanting to become a real boy, but is misguided by troublesome schoolboys and two con artists. through and through Pinocchios adventures, he understands how he was defiant and nave. At the end of the story his compassion and gratefulness overcame his misguided decisions.Even though Pinocchio could distinguish correctly from wrong, he decided to disobey. Pinocchio chooses not to listen to Gepetto, and is faced with consequences that affected him later in the story including the times that he skips school. Pinocchio visits the marionette play, risking his life of becoming firewood and baffled months of school during his trip to Playland with Lamp-wick. Pinocchio was to go back home to his fairy, the night that he ran away to Playland, but did not return. A couple months of slothful behavior stop with Pinocchio and Lampwick turned into donkeys and sold . Pinocchio does not have a very open mind and because of that he becomes trapped by con-artists. His weakness is his nave attitude toward others. When Pinocchio is lost in the woods, he is approached by a supposedly lame discombobulate and cunning cat. They are told of Pinocchio having coins in his pocket. The fox and cat, knowing of Pinocchios coins pretend to be blind and lame. They ask Pinocchio to come with them to an inn, and buy them dinner. When Pinocchio wakes up, he is told by the manager that the fox and cat have gone. Pinocchio goes back into the woods and is attacked by assassins, whom are actually the fox and cat. His naivety nearly costs him his life, as he hangs on the branch of a tree. Later in the story, Pinocchio finds himself with Lamp-wick waiting for the coach to take Lamp-wick to Playland.

History, Culture and Self Discovery in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club Essay

History, Culture and Self Discovery in Amy Tans exuberate Luck Club In the novel The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, the relationship between history, culture and identity is illustrated through the narrations of seven women. In these stories the women discuss events of their past and the reader is able to see how it affects them ulterior in life. In addition, they also discuss how they have been shaped by cultural expectations. These two things affect both the mothers and daughters in the novel. The best example of how private history affects the development or qualifying of an identity is through the stories of Ying-Ying St. Clair. The events in Ying-Yings early life foreshadow ones that happen later in her life. For example, when Ying-Ying was a small child she fell overboard a boat and was lost in the water. Even her name means clear reflection which foreshadows her future loss of identity (Tan). Later, she immigrated to the United States and ended up being stuck on Angel Island Immigration Station for three weeks, lost in a sea of immigration categories(Tan 107). Throughout her life she was able to see things before they happened, but this did not allow her to prevent the loss of her sense of self. During Ying-Yings first marriage she plays the habit of an obedient wife so well that she becomes one and puts it above everything else. Later in the book when she looks back on it she states, I became a stranger to myself(Tan 280). by and by all this the man is unfaithful to her and leaves her for an opera singer. It is to this event that she attributes the loss of the golden side of her tiger sprit. Long after this, when St. Clair began courting her, she saw this as a sign that she would also lose the other half of h... ...es she wants to keep the house and is in control of her life again. Many of the characters in the novel are fight to find themselves. Personal history is an obvious contributor to the development of the characters senses of self. The e vents that occur in a characters past influence their attitudes toward themselves and the way they conduct their daughters. The two cultures that meet in the families portrayed also influence these attitudes. It is only when the characters take both these factors into account can they begin to discover their true selves. give CitedTan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York Random House, 1989.Sources ConsultedDo, Thuan Thi. Chinese-American Women in American Culture. 1992 http//www.ics.uci.edu/tdo/ea/chinese.html Jokinen, Anniina. Anniinas Amy Tan Page. 1996 http//www.luminarium.org/contemporary/amytan/

Consciousness and the Placebo Effect Essay -- Biology Essays Research

Consciousness and the Placebo Effect In controlled studies, experimenters use placebos as medium to compare the efficacy of a drug. Double-blind controlled studies provide knowledge on whether a drug is effective or if it is not better than placebo. The results of double-blind studies usually depict the latter. Rarely are drugs found to be significantly more effective than placebo because of the placebo effect. The phenomenal effectiveness of the placebo in controlled experiments is mind boggling. Experimenters can not fully understand the etiology of the placebo effect in relation to the nervous outline but they have proposed plausible suggestions to the underlying mechanisms involved. An intriguing question raised is the placebos ability to cure numerous symptoms. I hypothesize that the aim of consciousness or alertness of the I-function, within the individual, may be the deciding factor in whether the placebo effect occurs.The objective of a placebo is to compare and assure t hat a new drug or operational procedure is effective. In experiments, the placebo is an inactive substance or procedure used as a control in an experiment (1). The placebo looks, tastes or feels just like the actual treatment (2). A false procedure for example, may consist of advising a person that he/she will be operated on and then making an incision into a person without operating. Subjects are advised of their probability of receiving actual treatment in order to maintain the expectation level of the participants. The efficacy of making an incision maintains the expectation level of the subject because the presence of a scar raises their belief that they were placed in the actual treatment group. Whether the placebo is a sugar pill or an... ...) Alternative and Complementary Therapies The Placebo Effect http//www.cancer.org/alt_therapies/articles/placebo.html3) Alpha Omega Pain Medicine Associates Placebo Power , date 4/18/99 http//www.painmasters.com/4) Healthline Magazine Pla cebo do on Pain , date 4/18/99 http//www.health-line.com/articles/hl950404.htm5) The Reward System, by Aryeh Routtenberg (located on N & B Reserve) 6) Thalamocortical Aspects of Consciousness From the Perspective of a Neurobiologist , date 5/5/99 http//www.phil.vt.edu/assc/newman/grace.html7) Why It Must Be Consciousness- For Real http//www.phil.vt.edu/assc/newman/baars.html8)Other Links 9)Mind/Brain/Behavior The Pleasing Placebo http//www.med.harvard.edu/publications/Focus/Jan20_1995/Mind.html10)Whats the Placebo Effect? http//www.oakland.edu/djcarlst/abx_plac.htm

Essay --

Theres no magic bullet theres no pill that you take that makes everything great and makes you blissful all the time. Im letting go of those expectations, and thats opening me up to moments of transcendent bliss. But I still feel the stress all over Am I thin enough? Am I too thin? Is my body the right shape? Anne Hathaway. It seems as if every young young ladys desire is to become a model. Eating bothers affect an increasingly large number of people, especially young women, in todays new-fangled societies. One study even found that some girls are more afraid of being fat, than of a nuclear war or getting placecer. The nigh common types of this disorder are anorexia, bulimia, and purging, each having a discrete effect on different people. Right now, one percent of all American women- our sisters, mothers, and daughters, are starving themselves to death. I will not eat cakes or cookies or food. I will be thin, thin, pure. I will be pure and empty. burthen dropping off. Ninety- nine... ninety-five... ninety-two... ninety. Just one more to eighty-nine. Where does it go? Where in the universe does it go?-Francesca Lia Block. Anorexia nervosa is a serious potentially life threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. 90-95% of anorexia sufferers are girls and women. It is one of the main psychiatric diagnoses and is the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. We believe that we have to be a certain weight and ideal beauty in America its pretty much the main priority for teens and college students. Anorexia is mainly caused by a low self-esteem, stress, and cultural influence. Intense fear of gaining weight, loss of menstrual period, denial of food, and excessive workout are only a han... ...ological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. Many individuals with bulimia, anorexia, or binge eating disorder, do not seek help until they reach their thirties or forties when their eating is deeply ingrai ned and more effortful to change. Bulimia is often treated more successfully that anorexia, partly because bulimia patients usually want to be treated. Aside from interpersonal issues, such as effect and OCD, eating disorders are strongly provoked by television, electronic devices, and in some cases because of the influences presented by ones parents or friends. Many are unaware of the harm media causes toward its targeted audience. Overall, the media has solely taken over our lifestyle and continues to gain more control every day. Eating disorders dont belong to a specific face, race, or shape. Anybody can fall victim to these sicknesses.

True Portrayal of Children in Lord of the Flies :: Lord of the Flies Essays

True Portrayal of Children in Lord of the Flies   In the novel The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, one can see how children react to certain situations. Children, when given the opportunity, would choose to play and have fun rather than to do boring, hard work.  Also, when children have no other adults to look up to they turn to other children for leadership.  Finally, children stray towards savagery when they atomic number 18 without adult authority. Therefore, Golding succeeds in effectively portraying the interests and attitudes of young children in this novel.           When children are given the opportunity, they would rather envelop themselves in pleasure and play than in the stresses of work.  The boys show enmity towards building the shelters, even though this work is important, to engage in trivial activities.  Af ter one of the shelters collapses while only Simon and Ralph are building it, Ralph clamours, All day Ive been working with Simon.  No one else.  Theyre off bathing or eating, or playing. (55).  Ralph and Simon, though only children, are more mature a nd adult like and stray to work on the shelters, while the other children aimlessly run off and play.  The other boys avidly choose to play, eat, etc. than to continue to work with Ralph which is very boring and uninteresting.  The boys act typically of m ost children their age by being more interested in having fun than working.  Secondly, all the boys leave Ralphs hard-working group to join Jacks group who just want to have fun.  The day afterwards the death of Simon when Piggy and Ralph are bathing, Piggy points beyond the platform and says, Thats where theyre gone.  Jacks party.  Just for some meat.  And for hunting and for pretending to be a tribe and putting on war-paint.(163).  Piggy realizes exactly why the boys have gone to Jacks, which would be for fun and excitem ent.  The need to play and have fun in Jacks group, even though the boys luck the tribes brutality and the chance of not being rescued, outweighs doing work with Ralphs group which increase their chance s of being rescued.  Young children need to satisfy their amusement by playing games instead of doing work.  In conclusion, children are more interested